Fiber-Optic Applications The use and demand for optical fiber has grown tremendously and optical-fiber applications are numerous. Telecommunication applications are widespread, ranging from global networks to desktop computers. These involve the transmission of voice, data, or video over distances of less than a meter to hundreds of kilometers, using one of a few standard fiber designs in one of several cable designs.

From a fiber annulus back into a second lens (Figure 5), the light will be distributed over a 360-degree angle and only a small fraction of it will strike the second lens. This effect is important in fiber-optic system design: in general, fiber optics should be utilized as image or light transporters rather than as focusing components. OPTICAL FIBERS AND FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS Tom G. Image, and the first application of optical fibers to imaging was conceived. It was Charles.

Carriers use optical fiber to carry plain old telephone service (POTS) across their nationwide networks. Local exchange carriers (LECs) use fiber to carry this same service between central office switches at local levels, and sometimes as far as the neighborhood or individual home (fiber to the home [FTTH]). Optical fiber is also used extensively for transmission of data. Installing Mac Os X Lion On Dell Xps L502x.

Multinational firms need secure, reliable systems to transfer data and financial information between buildings to the desktop terminals or computers and to transfer data around the world. Cable television companies also use fiber for delivery of digital video and data services. The high bandwidth provided by fiber makes it the perfect choice for transmitting broadband signals, such as high-definition television (HDTV) telecasts. Intelligent transportation systems, such as smart highways with intelligent traffic lights, automated tollbooths, and changeable message signs, also use fiber-optic-based telemetry systems. Another important application for optical fiber is the biomedical industry. Fiber-optic systems are used in most modern telemedicine devices for transmission of digital diagnostic images. Other applications for optical fiber include space, military, automotive, and the industrial sector. Canon Gp300-405 Ps Ver 1.0 Drivers.

OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN INDIAN RAILWAYS, OFC • 1. OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN INDIAN RAILWAYS • CONTENTS 1. About the Organisation 2. An Optical Fiber 3. Optical Fiber used in Indian Railways 4. Methods of Jointing a Fiber Optic Cable 5. Mechanical Splicing 6.

Fusion Splicing 7. Measurement And Testing Of Signals in an OFC 8. Indian Railway Telephone Exchange 9. Digital Multiplexing Hierarchies 10.

SDH • ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION • RailTel Corporation of India Limited (RailTel) is a Government Department that comes under the Ministry of Railways. • The Corporation was formed in Sept 2000 with the objectives to create nationwide Broadband Telecom and Multimedia Network in all parts of the country, to modernize Train Control Operation and Safety System of Indian Railways. • RailTel has created state of the art multimedia telecom network using SDH/DWDM based transmission systems. • It generates much needed revenues for implementing Railways’ development projects, safety enhancement and asset replacement programmes • OPTICAL FIBER • An Optical Fiber is a long, thin strand made with pure glass about the diameter of a human hair. • OFC consists of Core, Cladding, Buffers and Jacket as shown in figure.

• Specifications Of Optical Fiber Cable Used In Indian Railways In Indian Railways, 24 Fibre armoured Optical Fiber Cable. General Requirement Of Cable The cable shall consist of 24 monomode fibres and shall be suitable for direct underground burial as well as mechanized laying in the duct. Service Condition Optical Fibre cable shall be able to withstand the following environmental conditions. Ambient temperature 0 to + 550 C Storage temperature -200 C to + 700 C Overall Diameter The overall diameter of the cable shall not be more than 20 mm and uniform throughout the length from top to end. Fibre & Unit Identification Fibres are coloured with readily distinguishable durable colours. The 6 loose tubes have the following colours:1-Blue,2-Orange,3-Green,4-Brown,5-Slate,6-White.

• Specifications Of Optical Fiber Cable Used In Indian Railways Technical Requirements • Methods for jointing of fibre optic cable • There are two methods for jointing Optical fibre cable 1. USING CONNECTORS • The splicing is further divided into two methods 1. Mechanical Splicing 2. Fusion Splicing • Splicing is the process of connecting two bare fibres directly without any connectors.

• Splicing provide much lower insertion loss compared to fiber connectors that’s why Splicing is preferred over the use of Connectors. Fiber mechanical splicing – Insertion loss.